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14:00
16:30
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ZH
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林慧茹 Hui-Ju LinTaiwan
Moderator
Advances in Artificial Intelligence Models and Algorithms in Amblyopia and Strabismus Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models that detect strabismus and amblyopia risk factors from smartphone photos, videos, and images, facilitating large-scale, accessible community screening. Discussion on how AI is personalizing amblyopia therapy, thereby maximizing efficacy and engagement. Critical appraisal of the requirements for clinical validation, regulatory approval, and the ethical integration of these AI tools into standard ophthalmic practice.
AI is poised to fundamentally reshape the management of strabismus and amblyopia by introducing unprecedented levels of objectivity, accessibility, and personalization. the knowledge to understand, evaluate, and eventually integrate these powerful technologies into their practice to improve patient outcomes. AI screening and diagnosis to treatment optimization and monitoring.
蔡紫薰 Tzu-Hsun TsaiTaiwan
Moderator
Facts and Myths: What We Need to Know About Atropine Eye DropsA study conducted in Taiwan during the 1990s demonstrated that atropine reduced myopia progression in a dose-dependent manner. Since that time, the clinical use of atropine in school-aged children has been widespread in Taiwan for more than two decades. Owing to this long history of high-concentration atropine prescriptions, Taiwan represents a distinctive setting in which to evaluate the long-term safety of atropine use. Using data from a large cohort within the NHIRD, we found that the incidence of ocular complications was higher among individuals with myopia compared with those without. However, among participants with myopia, the incidence of these complications did not differ between atropine users and nonusers, and higher cumulative doses of atropine were not associated with increased risk.
The long-term efficacy of atropine eye drops for myopia control also merits further investigation. The LAMP clinical trial demonstrated that continuous treatment with 0.05% atropine effectively controlled myopia progression over five years. In contrast, the ATLAS from Singapore reported that topical atropine use during childhood was not associated with long-term ocular complications; however, its long-term efficacy in myopia control was less conclusive. Furthermore, recent randomized clinical trials have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the effectiveness of low-dose atropine, and regulatory approval by the U.S. FDA remains pending. Further research is therefore warranted to refine atropine treatment strategies, including the optimal timing of initiation, adjustment of concentration, duration of therapy, and methods and timing of discontinuation. Most importantly, future work should aim to clarify the ultimate clinical significance and long-term benefits of atropine therapy for myopia control.
接軌國際：IMI 近視前期定義與台灣經驗分享Pre-myopia is an emerging concept in myopia prevention, referring to children within a specific age range who exhibit refractive errors that, along with certain risk factors, place them at increased risk of developing myopia and who may benefit from early intervention. This presentation focuses on the international definitions of pre-myopia and utilizes public health survey data and clinical evidence from Taiwan to analyze the prevalence of pre-myopia and explore issues related to myopia development.
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徐旭亮 Shiuh-Liang HsuTaiwan
Speaker
To compare the clinical trial result of 2 Euclid Ortho-K lens In this talk, 2 new designed Euclid Ortho-K lens, which had different DK value and target refraction, were compared. The correction efficacy, stablility and adverse effects were collected and compared in eyes of different refraction.
邱正仁 Cheng-Jen ChiuTaiwan
Speaker
Clinical Insights into High-Myopia Ortho-K: Lens Design Optimization, Cessation Effects, and Axial Length ShorteningOrthokeratology (Ortho-K) has become an important modality in myopia management, yet its performance in high myopia, its behavior after treatment cessation, and the phenomenon of axial length (AL) shortening remain key areas of clinical interest. This presentation summarizes current evidence and clinical experience using Euclid’s advanced designs, including Topaz dual reverse-curve lenses and demonstrate improved patient satisfaction compared with conventional designs. Clinical data indicate acceptable safety with modern high-Dk materials, though high myopes may exhibit increased risks of microcysts or central staining.
Discontinuation studies show a mild to moderate AL rebound predominantly within the first 6 months, with younger age (<14 years), shorter wear duration, and absence of bridging therapy as major risk factors. Bridging with 0.01–0.05% atropine or MiSight lenses reduces rebound magnitude. Early monitoring of AL, corneal biomechanics, and topography is essential for differentiating true elongation from pseudo-elongation.
Recent longitudinal datasets reveal that a subset of Ortho-K wearers—particularly older adolescents with moderate-to-high myopia—may exhibit sustained AL shortening beyond measurement variability. Studies suggest choroidal expansion, scleral remodeling, optical signaling (reduced lag and increased HOAs), and age-dependent ocular growth dynamics as contributing mechanisms.
Together, these findings refine clinical strategies for high-myopia Ortho-K fitting, guide safe cessation protocols, and highlight the possibility of AL shortening and may act as a potential biomarker for long-term treatment responsiveness.
MiSight for Myopia Control: Clinical Applications, Combination Therapy, and Discontinuation EffectsMiSight® is a dual-focus soft contact lens engineered to correct refractive error while simultaneously generating consistent peripheral myopic defocus through its alternating +2.00 D treatment zones and central correction zones. Designed for full-day wear—typically averaging 13 hours—the lens offers reliable optical signaling for myopia control while maintaining clear, spectacle-free vision.
Clinical experience demonstrates excellent compliance, rapid skill acquisition, and strong suitability for children who prefer daytime correction, have irregular sleep schedules, or experience intolerance to orthokeratology. Optimal fitting involves avoiding over-minus prescriptions to prevent unintended hyperopic defocus, closely monitoring visual acuity and axial length progression, and adjusting power only when combined criteria of decreased visual performance, autorefractor changes, and accelerated axial growth are met.
Evidence supports the efficacy of combining MiSight® with 0.05% atropine in children who exhibit insufficient response to pharmacologic monotherapy, particularly among low-to-moderate myopes. In contrast, 0.01% atropine co-administered with multifocal soft lenses does not demonstrate a clear additive effect.
Long-term follow-up studies reveal that treatment benefits are retained after discontinuation, with axial length and refractive development returning to age-appropriate physiological rates without rebound. Additional optical analyses confirm that the dual-focus design continues to deliver effective myopic defocus even in children transitioning from orthokeratology, likely due to improved compliance and neural adaptation.
Overall, MiSight® represents a safe, effective, and practical modality for pediatric myopia management, offering predictable therapeutic outcomes and stable behavior during cessation or treatment transitions
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莊怡群 Ann Yi-Chiun ChuangTaiwan
Speaker
Small-Optical-Zone Ortho-K in Myopia Control 小光心角膜塑型片於近視控制中的應用Orthokeratology (Ortho-K) represents the foundation of modern optical myopia control through the induction of peripheral myopic defocus. Subsequent optical interventions, including myopia-control spectacle and soft contact lenses, were developed based on the same principle. A newer advancement in this field is the small-optical-zone overnight Ortho-K design, exemplified by the myOK-pro lens. This approach preserves the advantages of conventional Ortho-K while enhancing myopia-control efficacy by reducing the central treatment zone to generate greater peripheral myopic defocus.
Traditional Ortho-K tends to provide stronger control in higher prescriptions, whereas low-myopia patients often experience limited defocus and consequently weaker outcomes. For children who are unsuitable for or unwilling to wear spectacles or soft lenses, this presents a therapeutic gap. Small-optical-zone designs aim to address this need by improving defocus magnitude for low-myopia patients. However, simply reducing the optical zone in older designs may increase visual disturbances such as flare and halo. Modern small-optical-zone lenses seek to overcome these limitations, offering optimized visual quality alongside improved myopia-control performance.
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徐旭亮 Shiuh-Liang HsuTaiwan
Speaker
To compare the clinical trial result of 2 Euclid Ortho-K lens In this talk, 2 new designed Euclid Ortho-K lens, which had different DK value and target refraction, were compared. The correction efficacy, stablility and adverse effects were collected and compared in eyes of different refraction.
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蔡德中 Der-Chong TsaiTaiwan
Speaker
豪雅光學近視控制鏡片 (Hoya MiYOSMART)為減緩兒童近視度數的進展，除了藥物、環境與行為策略，近年來還有多種光學介入方式可供選擇。 而這些光學措施主要是基於「周邊近視性離焦能抑制眼軸伸長」的實驗證據。
其中，DIMS（Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments）鏡片為目前在臨床上研究最多的框架眼鏡技術。其核心設計為在鏡片中心光學區(直徑為9mm)的周邊，配置 396 個具有正3.5D的鏡片小區塊，形成持續性的近視性離焦刺激，以抑制眼軸增長。多項臨床研究顯示，相較於傳統單焦點眼鏡，DIMS 鏡片在減緩近視進展、控制眼軸伸長以及兒童配戴的耐受性方面均具有顯著優勢。本演講 將討論DIMS對於學齡前近視預防的可行性，並聚焦在對於DIMS反應不理想的個案處理。
卡爾蔡司成長睿鏡片 (Zeiss MyoCare)本演講為卡爾蔡司成長睿鏡片的第二部分，主要報告MyoCare與MyoCare S於歐洲與亞洲兒童族群 多中心、隨機對照臨床試驗結果，
歐洲 CEME 研究納入 234 名 6–13 歲兒童，配戴 MyoCare 一年後，相較單光眼鏡，近視度數進展減少 0.21 D、眼軸增長減少 0.14 mm，並顯著降低快速惡化者的比例（SE > −0.50D/yr：21.1% vs 39.3%）。中國 240 名兒童的雙盲隨機試驗顯示，在 12 個月與 24 個月的追蹤中，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S 均較單光眼鏡能顯著減緩眼軸延長及屈光度近視化的速度。12 個月時，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S 分別減少眼軸延長 41% 與 34%，並減緩近視進展 48% 與 45%。24 個月結果同樣顯示穩定的控制效果，眼軸延長分別減少 38% 與 28%。此外，以「Emmetropic Progression Ratio」分析，兩款鏡片皆能使眼軸生長趨近正視化發展，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S 的比率分別達 70% 與 68%。兩種設計在整體控制效果上相近，亦展現高度安全性與良好配戴順應性。綜合而言，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S鏡片具備良好視力品質，不論在亞洲或歐洲族群皆能有效減緩眼軸生長，使眼球發育更接近正視化軌跡，是目前具跨族群證據支持的近視控制鏡片解決方案。
眼科醫師在校園視力保健及公衛推廣中的角色面對近視狂潮，眼科醫師在校園視力保健與公衛推廣中扮演關鍵角色: Partner, Educator, Advisor。近視防治有兩大策略：延後近視發生（近視預防） 與 減緩進展（近視控制），其中近視控制主要在診間進行，而近視預防則必須走入校園。以宜蘭縣模式為例，由眼科醫師到園所進行散瞳驗光檢查，可達 92% 的大班幼兒篩檢率，顯示其優於學童自行就醫。散瞳驗光能找出視力正常的低度近視與近視前期，凸顯眼科專業在校園篩檢中的必要性。 眼科醫師同時是 宣傳視力保健知識的教育者，除了在校園演講推動「天天戶外 120 分鐘」、近視控制新知等實證策略、支持教師與校護成為對抗近視前線的重要夥伴。我們亦可針對近視前期兒童的家長，透過社群平台以圖像化、影音化內容，精準推廣正確近視衛教，促進高近視風險學童與家長的警覺心與配合度。此外，眼科醫師也能是 政策建言者。過去十多年來，眼科醫師持續協助衛政與教育單位制定重要政策，包括 2009 年全國天天戶外120政策、2013 年北市國小近視篩檢、2014 年宜蘭縣幼兒園到校散瞳驗光、2022 年宜蘭縣近視前期大班轉介方案，以及 2023 年宜蘭縣國小視力紀錄卡向下延伸至幼兒園。本演講將分享眼科醫師在校園視力保健與公衛推廣參與者、教育者與建言者 的三重的角色。
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劉春甫 Chun-Fu LiuTaiwan
Speaker
依視路星趣控鏡片 (Essilor Stellest)We will discuss the clinical experience of using this lens, the Essilor Stellest lens.
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劉春甫 Chun-Fu LiuTaiwan
Speaker
依視路星趣控鏡片 (Essilor Stellest)We will discuss the clinical experience of using this lens, the Essilor Stellest lens.
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莊怡群 Ann Yi-Chiun ChuangTaiwan
Speaker
Small-Optical-Zone Ortho-K in Myopia Control 小光心角膜塑型片於近視控制中的應用Orthokeratology (Ortho-K) represents the foundation of modern optical myopia control through the induction of peripheral myopic defocus. Subsequent optical interventions, including myopia-control spectacle and soft contact lenses, were developed based on the same principle. A newer advancement in this field is the small-optical-zone overnight Ortho-K design, exemplified by the myOK-pro lens. This approach preserves the advantages of conventional Ortho-K while enhancing myopia-control efficacy by reducing the central treatment zone to generate greater peripheral myopic defocus.
Traditional Ortho-K tends to provide stronger control in higher prescriptions, whereas low-myopia patients often experience limited defocus and consequently weaker outcomes. For children who are unsuitable for or unwilling to wear spectacles or soft lenses, this presents a therapeutic gap. Small-optical-zone designs aim to address this need by improving defocus magnitude for low-myopia patients. However, simply reducing the optical zone in older designs may increase visual disturbances such as flare and halo. Modern small-optical-zone lenses seek to overcome these limitations, offering optimized visual quality alongside improved myopia-control performance.
-
蔡德中 Der-Chong TsaiTaiwan
Speaker
豪雅光學近視控制鏡片 (Hoya MiYOSMART)為減緩兒童近視度數的進展，除了藥物、環境與行為策略，近年來還有多種光學介入方式可供選擇。 而這些光學措施主要是基於「周邊近視性離焦能抑制眼軸伸長」的實驗證據。
其中，DIMS（Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments）鏡片為目前在臨床上研究最多的框架眼鏡技術。其核心設計為在鏡片中心光學區(直徑為9mm)的周邊，配置 396 個具有正3.5D的鏡片小區塊，形成持續性的近視性離焦刺激，以抑制眼軸增長。多項臨床研究顯示，相較於傳統單焦點眼鏡，DIMS 鏡片在減緩近視進展、控制眼軸伸長以及兒童配戴的耐受性方面均具有顯著優勢。本演講 將討論DIMS對於學齡前近視預防的可行性，並聚焦在對於DIMS反應不理想的個案處理。
卡爾蔡司成長睿鏡片 (Zeiss MyoCare)本演講為卡爾蔡司成長睿鏡片的第二部分，主要報告MyoCare與MyoCare S於歐洲與亞洲兒童族群 多中心、隨機對照臨床試驗結果，
歐洲 CEME 研究納入 234 名 6–13 歲兒童，配戴 MyoCare 一年後，相較單光眼鏡，近視度數進展減少 0.21 D、眼軸增長減少 0.14 mm，並顯著降低快速惡化者的比例（SE > −0.50D/yr：21.1% vs 39.3%）。中國 240 名兒童的雙盲隨機試驗顯示，在 12 個月與 24 個月的追蹤中，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S 均較單光眼鏡能顯著減緩眼軸延長及屈光度近視化的速度。12 個月時，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S 分別減少眼軸延長 41% 與 34%，並減緩近視進展 48% 與 45%。24 個月結果同樣顯示穩定的控制效果，眼軸延長分別減少 38% 與 28%。此外，以「Emmetropic Progression Ratio」分析，兩款鏡片皆能使眼軸生長趨近正視化發展，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S 的比率分別達 70% 與 68%。兩種設計在整體控制效果上相近，亦展現高度安全性與良好配戴順應性。綜合而言，MyoCare 與 MyoCare S鏡片具備良好視力品質，不論在亞洲或歐洲族群皆能有效減緩眼軸生長，使眼球發育更接近正視化軌跡，是目前具跨族群證據支持的近視控制鏡片解決方案。
眼科醫師在校園視力保健及公衛推廣中的角色面對近視狂潮，眼科醫師在校園視力保健與公衛推廣中扮演關鍵角色: Partner, Educator, Advisor。近視防治有兩大策略：延後近視發生（近視預防） 與 減緩進展（近視控制），其中近視控制主要在診間進行，而近視預防則必須走入校園。以宜蘭縣模式為例，由眼科醫師到園所進行散瞳驗光檢查，可達 92% 的大班幼兒篩檢率，顯示其優於學童自行就醫。散瞳驗光能找出視力正常的低度近視與近視前期，凸顯眼科專業在校園篩檢中的必要性。 眼科醫師同時是 宣傳視力保健知識的教育者，除了在校園演講推動「天天戶外 120 分鐘」、近視控制新知等實證策略、支持教師與校護成為對抗近視前線的重要夥伴。我們亦可針對近視前期兒童的家長，透過社群平台以圖像化、影音化內容，精準推廣正確近視衛教，促進高近視風險學童與家長的警覺心與配合度。此外，眼科醫師也能是 政策建言者。過去十多年來，眼科醫師持續協助衛政與教育單位制定重要政策，包括 2009 年全國天天戶外120政策、2013 年北市國小近視篩檢、2014 年宜蘭縣幼兒園到校散瞳驗光、2022 年宜蘭縣近視前期大班轉介方案，以及 2023 年宜蘭縣國小視力紀錄卡向下延伸至幼兒園。本演講將分享眼科醫師在校園視力保健與公衛推廣參與者、教育者與建言者 的三重的角色。
蔡紫薰 Tzu-Hsun TsaiTaiwan
Speaker
Facts and Myths: What We Need to Know About Atropine Eye DropsA study conducted in Taiwan during the 1990s demonstrated that atropine reduced myopia progression in a dose-dependent manner. Since that time, the clinical use of atropine in school-aged children has been widespread in Taiwan for more than two decades. Owing to this long history of high-concentration atropine prescriptions, Taiwan represents a distinctive setting in which to evaluate the long-term safety of atropine use. Using data from a large cohort within the NHIRD, we found that the incidence of ocular complications was higher among individuals with myopia compared with those without. However, among participants with myopia, the incidence of these complications did not differ between atropine users and nonusers, and higher cumulative doses of atropine were not associated with increased risk.
The long-term efficacy of atropine eye drops for myopia control also merits further investigation. The LAMP clinical trial demonstrated that continuous treatment with 0.05% atropine effectively controlled myopia progression over five years. In contrast, the ATLAS from Singapore reported that topical atropine use during childhood was not associated with long-term ocular complications; however, its long-term efficacy in myopia control was less conclusive. Furthermore, recent randomized clinical trials have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the effectiveness of low-dose atropine, and regulatory approval by the U.S. FDA remains pending. Further research is therefore warranted to refine atropine treatment strategies, including the optimal timing of initiation, adjustment of concentration, duration of therapy, and methods and timing of discontinuation. Most importantly, future work should aim to clarify the ultimate clinical significance and long-term benefits of atropine therapy for myopia control.
接軌國際：IMI 近視前期定義與台灣經驗分享Pre-myopia is an emerging concept in myopia prevention, referring to children within a specific age range who exhibit refractive errors that, along with certain risk factors, place them at increased risk of developing myopia and who may benefit from early intervention. This presentation focuses on the international definitions of pre-myopia and utilizes public health survey data and clinical evidence from Taiwan to analyze the prevalence of pre-myopia and explore issues related to myopia development.
-
林慧茹 Hui-Ju LinTaiwan
Speaker
Advances in Artificial Intelligence Models and Algorithms in Amblyopia and Strabismus Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models that detect strabismus and amblyopia risk factors from smartphone photos, videos, and images, facilitating large-scale, accessible community screening. Discussion on how AI is personalizing amblyopia therapy, thereby maximizing efficacy and engagement. Critical appraisal of the requirements for clinical validation, regulatory approval, and the ethical integration of these AI tools into standard ophthalmic practice.
AI is poised to fundamentally reshape the management of strabismus and amblyopia by introducing unprecedented levels of objectivity, accessibility, and personalization. the knowledge to understand, evaluate, and eventually integrate these powerful technologies into their practice to improve patient outcomes. AI screening and diagnosis to treatment optimization and monitoring.
-
邱正仁 Cheng-Jen ChiuTaiwan
Speaker
Clinical Insights into High-Myopia Ortho-K: Lens Design Optimization, Cessation Effects, and Axial Length ShorteningOrthokeratology (Ortho-K) has become an important modality in myopia management, yet its performance in high myopia, its behavior after treatment cessation, and the phenomenon of axial length (AL) shortening remain key areas of clinical interest. This presentation summarizes current evidence and clinical experience using Euclid’s advanced designs, including Topaz dual reverse-curve lenses and demonstrate improved patient satisfaction compared with conventional designs. Clinical data indicate acceptable safety with modern high-Dk materials, though high myopes may exhibit increased risks of microcysts or central staining.
Discontinuation studies show a mild to moderate AL rebound predominantly within the first 6 months, with younger age (<14 years), shorter wear duration, and absence of bridging therapy as major risk factors. Bridging with 0.01–0.05% atropine or MiSight lenses reduces rebound magnitude. Early monitoring of AL, corneal biomechanics, and topography is essential for differentiating true elongation from pseudo-elongation.
Recent longitudinal datasets reveal that a subset of Ortho-K wearers—particularly older adolescents with moderate-to-high myopia—may exhibit sustained AL shortening beyond measurement variability. Studies suggest choroidal expansion, scleral remodeling, optical signaling (reduced lag and increased HOAs), and age-dependent ocular growth dynamics as contributing mechanisms.
Together, these findings refine clinical strategies for high-myopia Ortho-K fitting, guide safe cessation protocols, and highlight the possibility of AL shortening and may act as a potential biomarker for long-term treatment responsiveness.
MiSight for Myopia Control: Clinical Applications, Combination Therapy, and Discontinuation EffectsMiSight® is a dual-focus soft contact lens engineered to correct refractive error while simultaneously generating consistent peripheral myopic defocus through its alternating +2.00 D treatment zones and central correction zones. Designed for full-day wear—typically averaging 13 hours—the lens offers reliable optical signaling for myopia control while maintaining clear, spectacle-free vision.
Clinical experience demonstrates excellent compliance, rapid skill acquisition, and strong suitability for children who prefer daytime correction, have irregular sleep schedules, or experience intolerance to orthokeratology. Optimal fitting involves avoiding over-minus prescriptions to prevent unintended hyperopic defocus, closely monitoring visual acuity and axial length progression, and adjusting power only when combined criteria of decreased visual performance, autorefractor changes, and accelerated axial growth are met.
Evidence supports the efficacy of combining MiSight® with 0.05% atropine in children who exhibit insufficient response to pharmacologic monotherapy, particularly among low-to-moderate myopes. In contrast, 0.01% atropine co-administered with multifocal soft lenses does not demonstrate a clear additive effect.
Long-term follow-up studies reveal that treatment benefits are retained after discontinuation, with axial length and refractive development returning to age-appropriate physiological rates without rebound. Additional optical analyses confirm that the dual-focus design continues to deliver effective myopic defocus even in children transitioning from orthokeratology, likely due to improved compliance and neural adaptation.
Overall, MiSight® represents a safe, effective, and practical modality for pediatric myopia management, offering predictable therapeutic outcomes and stable behavior during cessation or treatment transitions
-
蔡紫薰 Tzu-Hsun TsaiTaiwan
Speaker
Facts and Myths: What We Need to Know About Atropine Eye DropsA study conducted in Taiwan during the 1990s demonstrated that atropine reduced myopia progression in a dose-dependent manner. Since that time, the clinical use of atropine in school-aged children has been widespread in Taiwan for more than two decades. Owing to this long history of high-concentration atropine prescriptions, Taiwan represents a distinctive setting in which to evaluate the long-term safety of atropine use. Using data from a large cohort within the NHIRD, we found that the incidence of ocular complications was higher among individuals with myopia compared with those without. However, among participants with myopia, the incidence of these complications did not differ between atropine users and nonusers, and higher cumulative doses of atropine were not associated with increased risk.
The long-term efficacy of atropine eye drops for myopia control also merits further investigation. The LAMP clinical trial demonstrated that continuous treatment with 0.05% atropine effectively controlled myopia progression over five years. In contrast, the ATLAS from Singapore reported that topical atropine use during childhood was not associated with long-term ocular complications; however, its long-term efficacy in myopia control was less conclusive. Furthermore, recent randomized clinical trials have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the effectiveness of low-dose atropine, and regulatory approval by the U.S. FDA remains pending. Further research is therefore warranted to refine atropine treatment strategies, including the optimal timing of initiation, adjustment of concentration, duration of therapy, and methods and timing of discontinuation. Most importantly, future work should aim to clarify the ultimate clinical significance and long-term benefits of atropine therapy for myopia control.
接軌國際：IMI 近視前期定義與台灣經驗分享Pre-myopia is an emerging concept in myopia prevention, referring to children within a specific age range who exhibit refractive errors that, along with certain risk factors, place them at increased risk of developing myopia and who may benefit from early intervention. This presentation focuses on the international definitions of pre-myopia and utilizes public health survey data and clinical evidence from Taiwan to analyze the prevalence of pre-myopia and explore issues related to myopia development.
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